Water scarcity is one of the major drawbacks mankind is facing nowadays. This is leading to the real need of facing wastewater as a source of reusable water. Moreover, these streams constitute indirect potable water sources when are discharged to the natural resources. Thus, the precautionary principle imposes that the treated effluents must be safe for both ecosystems and human health. In fact, even if current wastewater treatment processes can fulfil discharge thresholds, the detection of trace compounds (mainly pharmaceutical and personal care products) in the treated streams may be a dangerous threat. These compounds show refractory characteristics and are not suitably removed by the conventional treatment technologies. Although found in trace levels, their real impact over human health is not totally known. Moreover, their accumulation capacity and biorefractory features are leading to their appearance even in drinking water. Bearing these concerns in mind, the European Commission listed several chemical contaminants whose concentration in natural water resources must be followed by the state members. Another important issue is related with biological contamination (bacteria, virus and protozoa) since recent studies reveal that high loads of pathogens are being released from municipal wastewater treatment plants directly to the natural streams.

The application of reliable techno-economic and environmental tools on the evaluation of the proposed technological solutions is essential so that the most suitable solutions are reached. These must bear in mind the potential toxic effect and human health impact of treated water.

Thus, water and wastewater treatment aiming water reuse is a challenge scientific area and researchers must focus their efforts on the development of suitable technologies to fulfil present and future water problems.

Research

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