Immune cells repair damaged gut in children with IBD: Gastroenterology

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Immune cells of a certain kind which regulate inflammatory processes and even help restore normal gut function after inflammation could be of great use to treat children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

The researchers say that the Tr1 cell, which is a specific type of immune cell, secretes a molecule that promotes the repair of the mucosal barrier produced by the cells of the gut epithelium, and enhances mucus production.

IBD:

There are over 7,000 children with IBD in the Canadian nation. IBD is a condition of the gut that is thought to be produced by an autoimmune reaction. When the immune system of the body “recognizes” a gut antigen as a foreign one, it instantly sets its forces into action, causing inflammation. This is the normal response of the body to injury and to sickness.

IBD causes these kids to groan with continuing abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting and diarrhea. In turn, the loss of nutrients and the reluctance to eat can precipitate malnutrition, loss of weight and low energy levels. IBD is typically treated using antibodies to block the inflammatory cascade. About 1 in 3 patients fail to respond, however, and many others respond at first but later experience relapses and flare ups of the disease.

Tr1 cells:

The researchers built up 3-dimensional colon organoids to examine the kind of interaction that occurs between Tr1 cells and other gut epithelial cells.

Tr1 cells stimulate the mini-gut to promote the differentiation of more goblet cells, so that they can secrete more mucus so as to protect the cells from damage by improving the intestinal barrier function.

This study demonstrated for the first time that when Tr1 cells are taken from parents and cultured, those from IBD patients are also just as much anti-inflammatory in their activity as those from healthy people.

The scientists don’t know why people with IBD still develop the disease if their Tr1 cells are working normally. One possibility is that there are too few cells to prevent the inflammatory reaction.

This could be the basis for personalized treatment of this condition and consequent control of CD or ulcerative colitis. The researchers will then try to establish the ideal environment for laboratory culture of these cells. They could then inoculate such cells into children with IBD, so that the new Tr1 cells will have the best shot at repairing the inflamed and damaged gut.

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