Biodegradation and Decolorization of Acid Red

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Acid red decolorizing bacteria was isolated and identified as Acinetobacter radioresistens.The effect of operation parameters such as medium composition, pH, temperature, dye concentration on the decolorization of acid red was studied and the products of degradation were analyzed and confirmed using LC–MS analysis. The reductive cleavage of azo bond was catalyzed by azoreductase, the key enzyme for the azo dye degradation. The catalytic reduction of acid red 37 by purified azoreductase in the presence of NADH as electron donor was studied and the products of degradation were determined as 1-{3-amino-5-[(aminoxy)sulfonyl]phenyl}ethanol and 7,8-diamino-3[(aminoxy)sulfonyl]naphthalene-1-ol.

Large amounts of dyes are annually produced and applied in many different industries, including textiles, cosmetics, paper, leather, pharmaceutical and food. The three most common groups are azo, anthraquinone and phthalocyanine dyes. Most of these dyes are toxic and carcinogenic.

Disposal of these dyes into the environment causes serious damage, since they may significantly affect the photosynthetic activity of hydrophytes by reducing light penetration and also they may be toxic to some aquatic organisms due to their breakdown products. The degradation of azo dyes produces aromatic amines, which are carcinogenic, and mutagenic. Recently, several reports appeared showing that the microorganism has ability, not only to decolorize dyes but also detoxify it.

Microbial degradation and decolorization is an environment friendly and cost-competitive alternative to chemical decomposition processes. Many microorganisms belonging to different taxonomic groups of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and algae have been reported for their ability to decolorize azo dyes. Acid red is one of the azo dye which has large consumption rate in textile industry.

Aaron Province
Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation
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