Musculoskeletal System

Bilaterally, paraxial mesoderm becomes somites and somitomeres. (Somitomeres develop ros-tral to the notochord in the head. They are like somites, but smaller and less distinctly organized.)

The mesoderm comprising each somite differentiates into three regions:

• dermatome(lateral) which migrates to form dermis of the skin
• sclerotome(medial) forms most of the axial skeleton (vertebrae, ribs, and base of the skull).
• myotome(middle) forms skeletal mus-culature. Individual adult muscles are produced by merger of adjacent myotomes.

Nerves make early connections with adjacent myotomes and dermatomes, establishing a segmental innervation pattern. As myotome/dermatome cells migrate to assume adult positions, the segmental nerve supply must follow along to maintain its connection to the innervation target. (Recurrent laryngeal & phrenic nerves travel long distances because their targets migrated far away.)

Skin: Consists of dermis and epidermis. Epidermis, including hair follicles & glands, is derived from ectoderm. Neural crest cells migrate into epidermis and become melanocytes. (Other neural crest cells become tactile disc receptors.)Dermis arises from mesoderm (dermatomes of somites). Each dermatome forms a continuous area of skin innervated by one spinal nerve. Because adjacent dermatomes overlap, a locus of adult skin is formed by 2 or 3 dermatomes, and innervated by 2 or 3 spinal nerves.

Muscle: Muscles develop from mesoderm, except for muscles of the iris which arise from optic cup ectoderm. Cardiac and smooth muscles originate from splanchnic mesoderm. All skeletal muscle is derived from paraxial mesoderm that forms somites and, in the rostral region of the head, somitomeres. Mesodermal cells of the myotome region of each so-mite/somitomere differentiate into myoblasts which fuse to form multinucleate muscle cells that synthesize myosin & actin and appear striated. Developing muscles and tendons must be under tension (stretched by growing bone) in order to grow to proper lengths. Muscle development requires innervation. Muscles release trophic molecules that determine muscle cell type (I, IIa, IIb). Also, muscles release trophic molecules that affect nerve growth.

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Regards,

Stella

Editorial Team

Journal of Orthopedic Oncology